A Review of Hydraulic Pressure for Water Supply Unites Considering Iraqi Geodetic Reference

Noora Akeel; Mustafa Tariq Mustafa; Muntasir Abdl Hameed; Corina Boncescu

doi:10.51173/jt.v5i3.1147

Authors

Noora Akeel Engineering Technical College - Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Mustafa Tariq Mustafa Engineering Technical College - Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Muntasir Abdl Hameed Institute of Technology / Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Corina Boncescu University Polithehnica of Bucharest, Romania

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v5i3.1147

Keywords:

Hydraulic Pressure, Previous Studies, Hydraulic Grade Head, GIS, Datum, Geodetic Reference

Abstract

The hydraulic pressure head of the flowing water (between the entrance and exit pipes) in water distribution networks depends on the length and the slope of these pipes, which can represent the head losses for each meter length, where the slope and length of the water supply network pipes are dependent on specified datum ground elevations. This ground elevation may result in a reduction in head losses with hydraulic grade pressure. As a result, the precision of the measured data used to observe ground elevations is critical to decrease the error of these losses and apply an accurate local reference. It's critical to comprehend the implications of using Geographic Information System (GIS) application technology for water distribution network models to evaluate the hydraulic grade head with Iraqi Geodetic Reference. These GIS input data are based on an analysis of the relationship between selected spatial data resolution and the precision of the expected hydraulic head for selected stations with a distribution network. This research aims to review the literature and try to track the conversion of geodetic references and datums to accurately identify the hydraulic pressure for the selected locations of the water supply network. It was found that recent researches tend to use GIS application to create novel methods to reduce head losses and error.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Noora Akeel, Engineering Technical College - Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq

Surveying techniques engineering Department

Mustafa Tariq Mustafa, Engineering Technical College - Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq

Civil Engineering Department

Muntasir Abdl Hameed, Institute of Technology / Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq

Water Resources Techniques Department

Corina Boncescu, University Polithehnica of Bucharest, Romania

Faculty of Engineering

References

H. Alwan, "Resettlement the location of water compact unit in Al-Khairat city/Karbala," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 754, no. 1, p. 012004, 2021. DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/754/1/012004

E. Ramsey, et al, "A smart water grid for micro-trading rainwater: hydraulic feasibility analysis," water, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 3075, 2020. DOI 10.3390/w12113075

L. Johnson, "GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Modern Water Resources Engineering," in Modern Water Resources Engineering, Totowa, NJ, Springer, 2014, pp. 373--410. DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-595-8_7

F. Morosini, "Development of a binary model for evaluating water distribution systems by a pressure driven analysis (PDA) approach," Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 3029, 2020. DOI 10.3390/app10093029

T. Alhadad, "Experimental and numerical investigation of flow hydraulics and pipe geometry on leakage behaviour of laboratory water network distribution systems," Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 20-42, 2020.

U. Kepa, "Use of the hydraulic model for the operational analysis of the water supply network: A case study," Water, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 326, 2020. DOI 10.3390/w13030326

O. Piller, "A content-based active-set method for pressure-dependent models of water distribution systems with flow controls," Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 146, no. 4, p. 04020009, 2020. ISSN (online): 1943-5452

A. Abu Mahfuz, et al, "Attack detection in water distribution systems using machine learning," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1--22, 2019. DOI 10.1186/s13673-019-0175-8

M. S. Dawood, "Predicted Geodetic Reference System for Baghdad City with Aided International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF08)," American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 79-110, 2019.

N. Agunwamba , "Performance evaluation of a municipal water distribution system using WaterCAD and Epanet," Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 459--467, 2018. DOI 10.2166/washdev.2018.262

M. AL-Hameedawi, "Comparing the Accuracy of Different Map Projections and Datums Using Truth Data," Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 18--32, 2018.

Ye Wang, et al, "Optimal management of Barcelona water distribution network using non-linear model predictive control," Ifac-Papersonline, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 5380--5385, 2017.

D. Fazilova, "The review and development of a modern GNSS network and datum in Uzbekistan," Geodesy and Geodynamics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 187--192, 2017.

L. Vicente, "Pressure management in water distribution systems: Current status, proposals, and future trends," Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 142, no. 2, p. 04015061, 2016.

H. Hussein, et al, "Determination local geoid Heights Using RTK-DGPS/Leveling and transformation methods," Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 75, no. 2c, pp. 1604--1611, 2016.

O. Alhamadani, et al, "Robustness Assessment of Regional GNSS Geodetic Networks for Precise Applications," Journal of Engineering, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 139--153, 2016.

G. Abd Alrahman., "Datum Transformation with the Minimum Curvature Surface Interpolation Approach," Engineering and Technology Journal, vol. 33, no. 8A, 2015.

K. Sivakumar, et al, "Simulation of water distribution network under pressure-deficient condition," Water resources management, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 3271-3290, 2014.

M. Ahmed, "Common lines comparison between Clark 1880 (Adindan--Sudan Datum) ellipsoid and (GPS) WGS-1984 ellipsoid," Int. J. Adv. Res. IT Eng., vol. 2, p. 14, 2013.

P.Swamee, et al, Design of water supply pipe networks, New Jerssy: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

T.HuaYi, et al, "Recent research and applications of GPS-based monitoring technology for high-rise structures," Structural Control and Health Monitoring, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 649--670, 2013. DOI 10.1002/stc.1501

D.Doberstein, "Introduction to the global positioning system," in Fundamentals of GPS Receivers, New York, Springer, 2012, pp. 23-37.

L. Kanickaraj, "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Defined," 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.arcweb.com. [Accessed 2 february 2021].

A. Briney, "thoughtCo," Dotdash Meredith, 4 february 2020. [Online]. Available: www.thoughtCo.com. [Accessed 9 12 2022].

Z. Lu, Introduction to datum and Geodetic System, London: springer-Verlag , 2014.

J. Iliffe, Datums and map projections for remote sensing, GIS, and surveying, CRC Press, 2000.

J.-M. Zogg, "GPS basics," Switzerland: u-blox, 2002.

J. Torge, Geodesy, de Gruyter, 2012.

M. o. w. r. (MOWR), Interviewee, [Interview]. 2016.

G. Rangelova, et al, "Contributions of terrestrial and GRACE data to the study of the secular geoid changes in North America," Journal of Geodynamics, vol. 46, no. 3-5, pp. 131-143, 2008.